Material | Young modulus (MPa) | Poisson coefficient | Element type | Number of elements |
Outer vertebral endplates | 12000 | 0.3 | Tetrahedron | 3578 |
Intermediate vertebral endplates | 6000 | 0.3 | Tetrahedron | 2244 |
Centre of the vertebral endplates | 2000 | 0.3 | Tetrahedron | 831 |
Walls of the vertebral body | 12000 | 0.3 | Tetrahedron | 37205 |
Cancellous bone (inside vertebrae) | 100 | 0.2 | Tetrahedron | 44954 |
Posterior vertebra | 3000 | 0.3 | Tetrahedron | 47134 |
Cartilage | 50 | 0.4 | Wedge | 3086 |
Annulus fibrosus | 4.2 | 0.45 | Hexahedron | 8288 |
Nucleus pulposus (*) | Incompressible material | Tetrahedron | 14410 | |
Annulus fiber layers 1 | 360 | 0.3 | Truss (**) | 592 |
Annulus fiber layers 2 | 408 | 0.3 | Truss (**) | 592 |
Annulus fiber layers 3 | 455 | 0.3 | Truss (**) | 592 |
Annulus fiber layers 4 | 503 | 0.3 | Truss (**) | 592 |
Annulus fiber layers 5 | 550 | 0.3 | Truss (**) | 296 |
Ligament | Young modulus (MPa) | Transition strain (%) | Element type | Number of elements |
Anterior longitudinal ligament | 7.8 20.0 | 12.0 | Wedge (**) | 9046 |
Posterior longitudinal ligament | 10.0 50.0 | 11.0 | Wedge (**) | 3844 |
Ligamentum flavum | 15.0 19.0 | 6.2 | Tetrahedron (**) | 3042 |
Intertransverse ligament | 10.0 59.0 | 18.0 | Tetrahedron (**) | 6678 |
Capsular ligament | 7.5 33.0 | 25.0 | Membrane (**) | 3220 |
Interspinous ligament | 8.0 15.0 | 20.0 | Tetrahedron (**) | 2856 |
Supraspinous ligament | 10.0 12.0 | 14.0 | Tetrahedron (**) | 2657 |
Iliolumbar ligament | 7.8 20.0 | 12.0 | Wedge (**) | 816 |