Material

Young modulus (MPa)

Poisson coefficient

Element type

Number of elements

Outer vertebral endplates

12000

0.3

Tetrahedron

3578

Intermediate vertebral endplates

6000

0.3

Tetrahedron

2244

Centre of the vertebral endplates

2000

0.3

Tetrahedron

831

Walls of the vertebral body

12000

0.3

Tetrahedron

37205

Cancellous bone (inside vertebrae)

100

0.2

Tetrahedron

44954

Posterior vertebra

3000

0.3

Tetrahedron

47134

Cartilage

50

0.4

Wedge

3086

Annulus fibrosus

4.2

0.45

Hexahedron

8288

Nucleus pulposus (*)

Incompressible material

Tetrahedron

14410

Annulus fiber layers 1

360

0.3

Truss (**)

592

Annulus fiber layers 2

408

0.3

Truss (**)

592

Annulus fiber layers 3

455

0.3

Truss (**)

592

Annulus fiber layers 4

503

0.3

Truss (**)

592

Annulus fiber layers 5

550

0.3

Truss (**)

296

Ligament

Young modulus (MPa)

Transition strain (%)

Element type

Number of elements

Anterior longitudinal ligament

7.8 20.0

12.0

Wedge (**)

9046

Posterior longitudinal ligament

10.0 50.0

11.0

Wedge (**)

3844

Ligamentum flavum

15.0 19.0

6.2

Tetrahedron (**)

3042

Intertransverse ligament

10.0 59.0

18.0

Tetrahedron (**)

6678

Capsular ligament

7.5 33.0

25.0

Membrane (**)

3220

Interspinous ligament

8.0 15.0

20.0

Tetrahedron (**)

2856

Supraspinous ligament

10.0 12.0

14.0

Tetrahedron (**)

2657

Iliolumbar ligament

7.8 20.0

12.0

Wedge (**)

816